I just encountered the same problem in a web application I am working on. This also occurs on any device running iOS 14.0.1.
Refreshing the page restores the share functionality.
Something I have observed while debugging:
When you are able to get the share sheet to open the first time, the promise never resolves on successful share. The error also never resolves when you close the share sheet without sharing anything.
So something in the browser isn't reporting back to the API that the user closed the share sheet. Here's a little piece of code to see it in action (remember to open in https and on an iOS device since there is no error checking here)
			navigator
				.share({ title: 'test' })
				.then(() => alert('complete'))
				.catch((e) => alert(e))
I was going to hack together a workaround to hard refresh the webpage after the share completed, but since the promises never resolve, that won't work.
I don't have the iOS 14.2 beta, but I would be curious to see if it is fixed in that release.