I struggled for 3 hours with this problem, and:
Rebooted the computer and the device
Cleaned the build folder and deleted derived data folder
Deleted the app from the device
Installed a newer version of XCode
...but none of that fixed the problem.
Then came here and saw your suggestion to delete the provisioning profiles and I thought "That's not going to be helpful" but I tried it anyways - and now everything is working! 🤷🏻♂️
Thank you for posting your solution!