I can confirm that this problem occurs since iOS 15. As far as I am concerned, I think it is due to a mismapping of the color space, in particular the alpha channel, when rendering the image to the PDF drawing context.
However, I have found a small workaround for the time being. That is setting the bitmap drawing context to non-opaque.
UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(size, NO, 0.0);
Regarding the CATiledLayer, one can simply set the opaque flag to false.
CATiledLayer *tiledLayer = (CATiledLayer *)[self layer];
tiledLayer.opaque = NO;