Exactly the same messages on the internal drive of a late-2016 MacBook Pro, running Disk First Aid on the APFS volume group from the recovery 'macos Base System' APFS system volume with Cmd-R at startup.
An external bootable installer 'Install macOS Monterey' created following HT201372 will not boot, but drop into the 'macos Base System' APFS system volume disk image and may not be able to repair the drive it's stored on.
The external installer is selectable after option-startup, but not available as startup disk in the Startup Disk tool. Converting the USB Mac OS Extended drive to APFS takes it out of the option-startup menu.
hendrikmerx
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