Try this on macOS:
notes://showNote?identifier=5F8F2E2B-C506-4EEA-BB1B-93DC68BDD670
or for iOS:
mobilenotes://showNote?identifier=5F8F2E2B-C506-4EEA-BB1B-93DC68BDD670
I figured this out from this Reddit article:
https://old.reddit.com/r/ios/comments/eoes1a/url_scheme_for_notes/
which links to another Reddit article https://www.reddit.com/r/shortcuts/comments/aot272/get_url_of_note_copy_note_url_to_clipboard/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=usertext&utm_name=ios&utm_content=t1_fedjvu3 which has a link to an iOS Shortcut, which when run allows you to see the identifier.
Works for me: macOS 11.7.1 Big Sur and iOS 14.8
emechem
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