An couple updates on the issue:
It seems that the problem applies to all builds under this app ID, because a newer build is also affected.
Unfortunately, Apple Developer Support replied asking for completely irrelevant information: TestFlight screenshots, user details, and devices, when the problem is happening in App Store Connect. I have responded to Apple Developer Support with the app ID, build number, a screenshot from App Store Connect, and .har logs. Case number 101976773432.
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I’m still unable to view our iOS app in the Connect app and I’ve been a user on this account for about 10 years.
Thank you for the reply! I sent message to Apple Developer support with these details, case number 101976773432.