To use a sandbox account (not your Apple ID), you must first add it to App Store Connect (https://appstoreconnect.apple.com/).
Then do the following on your device:
Go to Settings > App Store
Enter the login-password for the account in the "Sandbox account" block
Go to Settings > Apple ID
Tap on "Media & Purchases" and tap on "Sign Out"
After testing the subscription, you can cancel it by going back to Settings > App Store > Sandbox account > Manage.
To interact with the App Store and Testflight services again, just go back to Settings > Apple ID and turn on "Media & Purchases" (tap "Continue" in the window).
R_L
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iPhone XS iOS 16.5 (20F66)
It works, but does not connect to the service the first time
iPhone XS, iOS 16.2: Still doesn't work. Resetting doesn't help.