SOLVED
Hello from Russia, comrades!
The solution posted earlier by @sf98723 helped me with my MacBook Pro 15" mid 2014.
I had this problem since I've updated to Mojave, but it was much easier to cope with this issue renaming AppleThunderboltNHI.kext to AppleThunderboltNHI.kext.BAK, but unfortunately it does not work with Big Sur.
I am really grateful to @sf98723 and @HSODHI for finding out and posting the solution.