I have the same issue, down to my laptop saying I cannot install it due to my Mac needing an update itself.
I believe this has to do with an error in enrollment in the beta software since I cannot even log into Feedback Assistant anymore.
I've tried contacting support but they told me to download the configuration profiles... even though there are no longer configuration profiles for beta software...
AidanH
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Also having this issue after restoring from a Time Machine backup on my 15" 2018 MBP.
Resetting the SMC to re-enable TouchID worked and I can unlock the preference panes with TouchID, but not my password.