Well, after taking my computer over to the Apple Store, I received the confirmation of what was causing the error. My computer was actually one of the rare cases of:
https://www.apple.com/support/macbookpro-videoissues/
I was told that the computer will be fixed at no charge and will be getting it back in about one week. Thank goodness the issue came up before Feb 2016, or my computer would not have been covered.
I would like to share the symptoms with everyone here on the forums: please note that the symptoms are actually similar to those causee by the rogue kexts that are so well known for causing boot problems.
- Computer will randomly shut down/restart
- Boot will fail, here's where it gets interesting--
- Booting will not work for any partition including: Recovery, BOOTCAMP, Internet Recovery, Apple Diagnostic, OS X, USB or disk installers; literally nothing will boot
- At first, it will work after a few attempts, but the problem may evolve quickly until no amount or rebooting or kext deleting will work
- DIstorted video starts appearing even when in single user mode
The affected macs are listed in the above link from Apple. If yours falls under the affected models, and you experience the aforementioned symptoms, keep this in mind. If you are experiencing these symptoms, but you can still log on, make a backup ASAP. If you can no longer access your information due to no longer being able to boot into any partition, don't worry, there's still a way to back up at least some of your most important files. Go to the following link for instructions on backing up your files from Single User Mode:
jsalovaara.com/blog/backing-up-files-to-a-usb-drive-using-single-user-mode.html
If this applies to you, take your laptop to your nearest Apple Store to get it checked out. Once there, they will confirm whether it is covered by that repair program. If so, they will repair it free of charge and will have it back to you within a week.
Thats all there is for this issue, best of luck to everyone and hopefully no one else has to go through all of this trouble!