Same issue here, trying to set Launch Screens via Storyboard & Swift UI View method doesn't seem to work, only way I can get a launch screen to appear is setting a Launch Image via the UILaunchScreen method, as you say in the Target > General section, setting a Launch Screen File doesn't save.
<key>UILaunchScreen</key>
<dict>
<key>UIColorName</key>
<string></string>
<key>UIImageName</key>
<string></string>
</dict>