I've just noticed this issue myself on iOS 17, and have found that it seems to only truncate the button title when the image uses the template rendering mode.
// The following causes the title to be truncated when bold text is turned on,
// because the image width increases slightly
setImage(myImage.withRenderingMode(.alwaysTemplate), for: .normal)
// The following prevents the image size from changing when bold text is enabled
setImage(myImage.withRenderingMode(.alwaysOriginal), for: .normal)
Seems like an unusual bug with UIButton, but at least this fix/workaround is simpler than attempting to calculate changes to the intrinsic content size.