I asked Apple about this feature, this is the response I got from DTS:
CBCentralManager.Feature.extendedScanAndConnect is what we call a
dynamic feature, that changes from device model to device model, and
can change as different radio chipsets could be getting used in
different models, and support can be enabled or disabled depending on
the iOS version.
As such, we don’t have a list that you can use to determine whether it
is supported or not. That’s why it is gated behind the
supportsFeatures() call, so your app can dynamically determine on the
device it runs on. If you wanted to test it, you can use an iPhone 13
Pro, which does have support. But to actually be able to use the
feature, the advertising peripheral must also support extended
advertising and connections.
The extended scan and connection is a link layer capability and does
not enable anything different for your app. It is informative only to
indicate that the iOS device will scan for and recognize extended
advertising packets from the peripheral. The capabilities include
longer advertising packets (254 bytes vs 31), chained advertising
packets for longer data, synchronized advertising. Not all of these
features are guaranteed to be enabled on every device/iOS
combinations. Even if it returns YES or NO to the feature now, it is
not guaranteed that the same device will return the same result in the
future.
The only behavior difference you might notice is the lack of the
secondary didDiscover() callback for an advertisement if a SCAN_RSP
packet for more data is deemed no longer necessary.