I had exact the same problem after updating macOS to Sonoma. After searching through the whole internet I could find only this thread and some not very similar issues with Xcode 15 release candidates or beta. This got me thinking, maybe if I install Xcode 15 beta this would at least count as fresh? When I opened the page with all downloads including Xcode beta I realised that the list includes simulator runtimes as well. There's even the beta version of each as well. So wait a minute, maybe I can download it manually and install it a different way? And there it is, after I expand the description I found:
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/installing-additional-simulator-runtimes
xcodebuild -downloadPlatform iOS just starts downloading it inside xcode, so the result is the same
I downloaded the runtime file of iOS 17 beta and tried:
xcrun simctl runtime add ~/Downloads/iOS_17.0.1_Simulator_Runtime.dmg
Now I get the copy error in my terminal. I got ****** and I run: (this requires Full Disk Access for terminal app)
sudo rm -rf /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Images/Inbox
sudo mkdir Inbox
and to my surprise ... IT WORKED! Well....it got installed. However I couldn't create any simulator with this iOS. But after removing all runtimes, downloading normal iOS 17 runtime file and installing it in terminal - voila!
I can now run the iPhone 15 simulator 🙂
Good luck guys!