My Qt BLE apps ran fine in earlier macos, but did not run on my 2021 Powerbook M1 Max (Monterey macOS 12.0.1, Xcode 13.1). I noticed that Lightblue and nRFConnect BLE tools ran fine on the M1, so I suspected that this was a permissions issue with Qt-created apps. I used Xcode to edit the plist template in clang_64/mkspecs/macx-clang/Info.plist.app to add 2 BLE and 3 Location permissions.
(Sorry couldn't get code formatted properly -- permissions in a separate answer.)
Delete your shadow-build directory, use Qt Creator to re-build (which uses the new plist with BLE permissions), and now Qt BLE apps run on Monterey!