I have the same problem on my MacBook Pro. All Safari will show are the Sources (with no actual sources), Console and Audit tabs when attempting to debug Safari on my iPhone, regardless whether I'm debugging via cable or network. Everything is current (iPhone is running 14.6, Safari is 14.1.1, and Big Sur is 11.4). I also tried turning off all Safari extensions, but that didn't help.
Fortunately, the Safari Technology Preview (Release 126 (Safari 14.2, WebKit 16612.1.17.10.5)) DOES work for me. So, that's sort of good news.
I seem to recall that it used to be possible to re-download/re-install Safari, but apparently that's no longer a thing. I feel like there's a good chance that would solve whatever the problem is. I'm sure as hell not going waste a minimum of 1-2 hours reinstalling the entire macOS, on the vague hope that that might solve the problem.
C'mon Apple, you're better than that.
jeffpar
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