I have exactly the same problem combined with that the SiriTipView() is not localized it looks like "Say {phrase from code}" in all languages.
The program name is also missing the app name from ShortcutsLink() (but the button is localized, "-genveje" means "-shortcuts" in danish).
This somehow makes "sense" or explain why the system don't recognize the localized phrases in the AppIntents, because the app name it self is not localized for the device language.
Oddly the ShortcutsLinks() is correct in the Simulator, but not on an actual device.
I have localized strings for
Localizable.strings (works normally in the app)
AppShortcuts.strings (the phrases do get localized in the Shortcuts-app (with app name))
InfoPlist.strings (localized CFBundleDisplayName which works on the Homescreen and other places.