Following up my note: yes, granting Full Disk Access to /usr/sbin/cron solved the issue.
So, it looks like you need to grant Full Disk Access to whatever program is launching rsync.
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Same issue. I wrote a backup script (/usr/local/bin/backup) that uses rsync to copy /Users/Myname to a mounted network drive. It works perfectly when I run the script by hand, but when I run it in my personal crontab, I get these errors:
rsync: opendir "/Users/Myname/.Trash" failed: Operation not permitted (1)
rsync: opendir "/Users/Myname/Documents" failed: Operation not permitted (1)
rsync: opendir "/Users/Myname/Downloads" failed: Operation not permitted (1)
...
I granted Full Disk Access to both /usr/bin/rsync and my script, and it didn't make any difference.
This is in Catalina 10.15.3.
Any suggestions?
I am tempted to grant Full Disk Access to bash, but that would seem to defeat the purpose of access control....
UPDATE: I found an article on Stack Exchange (apple.stackexchange.com/questions/375383/rsync-in-cron-on-catalina-no-longer-working) that says for cron scripts to work in Catalina, you have to grant Full Disk Access to /usr/sbin/cron. I'll try that next.