As you suggested, I have moved the XPC service to embedd it inside the sandboxed App Extension rather than inside the hardened-only hosting application.
It seems to work : the sandboxed app extension can call the hardened-only service, which can call pdflatex on the shell.
I though that embedding the XPC service inside the sandboxed app extension would somehow sandbox the service itself, but it seems not to be the case.
As far as I understand : fixed.