Thank you so much for your response and confirming that the embedded.provisionprofile is indeed removed by Test Flight intentionally.
After further investigation, we were able to determine that the reason our app wasn't launching is because the other frameworks included in the bundle were being signed with the main executable's entitlements.
I had wrongly assumed Transporter would catch this during the upload and app analyzing process, but since the app code was signed correctly, this was allowed to pass through and still allow Test Flight to install (but not launch) the app. I've learned this lesson well and will keep this in mind for the future.
Much appreciated,
~Ross