Unfortunately, I'm still getting the same error even after checking automatic signing. I've also confirmed the resulting binary and any embedded libraries are all signed with codesign, but I continue to see the permission complaint in Finder and the launch error in Xcode.
I don't have any good ideas where to look next to identify the problem. I was hoping the launch error would propagate some more meaningful reports somewhere, but I haven't found any. Without being able to run, debugging is quite tricky, so maybe the only option is to strip out code to see if it reaches a point of being able to run, although I'm not sure that will help. I have the distinct sense it's something else (probably a tiny thing), just can't put my finger on it.