I also use the xcodebuild -scmProvider system -resolvePackageDependencies workaround and it's usually enough.
But there is also XCode - File - Add Packages. When I put a public repo URL into the search field, I immediately get "The remote repository could not be accessed" dialog asking for authentication credentials. Proxy credentials won't work there. I don't have any better solution than switching to a proxy-free infrastructure in this case.