xcodebuild makes .app files, but the binary is missing the executable bit. This results in an error when trying to install on a device via Xcode: "CFBundleExecutable" specifies a file that is not executable. This can be fixed by running chmod +x on the binary, but why is it not done by xcodebuild?
This is happening on GitHub builds, running macOS 12.6.5 (21G531). Locally-built apps on 13.3.1 do not have this issue.