I know you said you attempted to use the other device types, but just to make sure have you tried switching to the builtInTripleCamera? That should work, hopefully.
Ultimately, the problem here is that the minimum focus distance is too large for you to focus on objects as close as you want them to. If you want to fix this in software, I've linked a keynote where apple describes how to apply a zoom factor proportional to the minimum focus distance of the device so that you can zoom differently (for previous devices and all future devices with large minimum focus distances). It's the first section of the video.
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2021/10047/