I've been wrestling with this problem for a whole day.
I finally solved it by changing the key name in the info.plist from "Fonts provided by application" to "UIAppFonts". Since new projects created with SwiftUI don't include an info.plist file, I suspect that I may have imported some outdated elements from an older plist file. When I tried adding the fonts via the property list UI, it added the "Fonts provided by application" key which seems obsolete and inappropriate for my project.