I was running into the same issue with several Xcode projects. Luckily, clean new projects would install on my devices just fine, and I could compare the two configurations.
I tried adjusting various aspects of the project and targets, e.g. Project Format, Localisation, Identity. The change that fixed it in the end was to specify "Bundle name" in the Info.plist:
CFBundleName
$(PRODUCT_NAME)