Do you have a an app allow list on the Macs in question?
decemberist
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I suggest filing Feedback on this here: https://feedbackassistant.apple.com -- file to (Enterprise and Education --> Mobile Device Management) and make sure to include iPadOS versions where this occurs and any information about your network (i.e. Global Proxy in place?)
Staze, you are exactly right. Profile based device enrollment is still supported. For user enrollment, Account Driven User Enrollment (with Managed Apple Account) must be used.