For anyone else with a similar problem:
This is apparently a known issue, although presumably the exact error message may differ. As a workaround, you can turn off view debugging. Thanks to Apple for providing this information while they investigate:
Select your target and click on "Edit Scheme...". Then, under Run (Debug) > Options > View Debugging, uncheck the "Enable user interface debugging" box.
Stoked
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Not fixed with iOS 18.1. I was hoping it would be, because this problem sounds suspiciously similar:
Fixes an issue where digital car keys may not unlock or start a vehicle with passive entry after restoring from a backup or transferring directly from another iPhone
Thanks for the reply. I have filed a report and attached a project to repro it. It's a big enough deal that I also started a paid support incident (so far I've only received confirmation).
Report is FB15492822. The incident case ID is 9640471