We finally ended up removing @AppStorage usage from our App and using the solution proposed here: https://www.avanderlee.com/swift/appstorage-explained/
Since then, the above crash is gone and we're back to an acceptable Crash-free users rate.
Interestingly, @AppStorage was introduced in a previous version of our app that did not have those crashes. So to be honest, I don't really know, why that changed with the next release. I can only speculate: The new version was built with a new XCode version, which handles @AppStorage differently?